Document Type
Article
Publication Date
3-1-2016
Publication Title
Journal of Crime & Delinquency
Volume
44
First Page
58
Last Page
65
Abstract
Purpose This study examines the intended and unintended effects of formal social controls on violent crime within and across U.S. cities. Methods Using data from the National Neighborhood Crime Study, we assess whether greater police arrest activity and jail incarceration risk are associated with lower violent crime rates across cities. We also investigate whether greater use of these formal social controls exacerbates the relationship between extreme neighborhood disadvantage and violent crime. Results Results from multilevel analyses show that some formal controls (jail incarceration risk) reduce violent crime across cities, but other formal controls (police arrest activity) amplify the relationship between extreme neighborhood disadvantage and violent crime within cities. Conclusions Two main conclusions can be drawn from our analyses. First, we found evidence that some formal controls do reduce violent crime, while others do not. Second, our results support scholars' arguments that formal controls have unintended consequences (e.g., Clear, 2007, 2008; Rose & Clear, 1998), specifically, by amplifying the effect of extreme neighborhood disadvantage on violent crime.
Recommended Citation
Martin, Allison; Wright, Emily M.; and Steiner, Benjamin, "Formal controls, neighborhood disadvantage, and violent crime in U.S. cities: Examining (un)intended consequences" (2016). Criminology and Criminal Justice Faculty Publications. 48.
https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/criminaljusticefacpub/48
Comments
The final, publisher version can be found here: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2015.12.005